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Antipope Clement VII
Robert of Geneva (1342 – 16 September 1394) was elected to the papacy as ''Clement VII'' by the French cardinals who opposed Urban VI, and was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France.
==Biography==
He was the son of Amadeus III, Count of Geneva, and was born in chateau d'Annecy in 1342.〔Bernard Guenée, ''Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late '', transl. Arthur Goldhammer, (The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 113.〕 He became Bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, Archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and a cardinal on 30 May 1371.〔Bernard Guenée, ''Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages'', 113.〕
In 1377, while serving as papal legate in upper Italy (1376–78), in order to put down a rebellion in the Papal States, known as the War of the Eight Saints, he personally commanded troops lent to the papacy by the ''condottiere'' John Hawkwood to reduce the small city of Cesena in the territory of Forlì, which resisted being added to the Patrimony of Peter for the second time in a generation; there he authorized the massacre of 3,000 - 8,000 civilians, an atrocity even by the rules of war at the time, which earned him the nickname ''butcher of Cesena.''〔David Murphy, ''Condottiere 1300-1500: Infamous Medieval Mercenaries'', (Osprey Publishing, 2007), 46-47.〕
In 1392, he inherited the title of Count of Geneva, his four older brothers having each in turn inherited dying without issue before him. The title then passed from him through his eldest sister Mary to her second husband Humbert VII de Thoire.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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